The term “nomad” comes from the Greek form of a Latin word meaning “to graze.” Nomads were wandering shepherds who moved their families and their flocks of sheep and goats from place to place looking for good pasture land and water. They lived in tents and took with them only what clothing and supplies they had to have. They did not often own land, but claimed the land they were using at the time, or even took it over by force. Sometimes they settled in an area after making agreements with the local people (Gen 13.5-18). Wandering nomads who moved in and settled for a time in an area probably made nearby farmers or city dwellers feel anxious and crowded. This may be one reason that, in the ancient world, nomadic shepherds were considered to be lower class and disgusting (Gen 46.34). Nomads were known for being strong and independent. They were cautious about mixing with other peoples, but offered great hospitality to guests (Gen 18.2-8) and would protect them at great risk to themselves and their families (Gen 19.4-8).

The migration of Semitic nomads from ancient Mesopotamia west to Canaan, the Southern Desert, and Egypt took place at regular times during ancient history. One such migration occurred around 1500 B.C. and likely included Abraham and Sarah, the ancestors of the Hebrew people. Genesis tells how the Hebrew people moved from place to place, ranging from northern Syria (Haran) through Canaan and all the way to Egypt (Gen 42) when food supplies became scarce in Canaan.

After the Hebrews left Egypt (Exod 12-14), they continued wandering for a period of time before settling in Canaan, where they took some areas and cities by force. After settling in Canaan, they became known as the nation of Israel, named for Jacob, who was also called Israel (Gen 32.22-28; 35.9-11). Some nomads had trouble adjusting to life in the city, because of their independent ways. And some of Israel's leaders warned that city dwelling could make the people “soft” and give them a sense of false security. The image of the wandering nomad or foreigner (resident alien) is often used to describe God's people (1 Chr 29.15; Ps 39.12; see also Phil 3.20; Heb 11.13; 1 Pet 2.11).